Proton Atom

02-05-2021
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4.2 Struktur Atom 1. Struktur Atom Bab 4: Jirim & Bahan PANITIA SAINS KOLEJ VOKASIONAL KUALA KANGSAR @ 2013 2. Atom. Atom ialah unit asas bagi semua jirim. Atom tidak dapat dilihat walaupun dengan teleskop kerana ia terlalu kecil. Atom terdiri dari satu nukleus ditengah yang dikeliling oleh elektron-elektron. Elektron-elektron bergerak mengelilingi nukleus mengikut orbit tertentu. For any atom, the number of protons is the same as the number of electrons. If an atom loses or gains electrons it is called an ion. Below is a picture of a sodium atom. It has 11 protons, 11 electrons and 12 neutrons. The electron structure is 2, 8, 1. Each proton has an electrical charge of +1. Each electron has an electrical charge of -1.

The sun has a diameter of (1.4 times 10^9) meters. The sun has a special relationship to another object that is only about (1.7 times 10^{-17}) meters in diameter—the subatomic particle called the proton. How is the gigantic sun related to the extremely tiny proton? Read on to find out.

What is a Proton?

A proton is one of three main particles that make up the atom. The other two particles are the neutron and electron. Protons are found in the nucleus of the atom. This is a tiny, dense region at the center of the atom. Protons have a positive electrical charge of one (left( +1 right)) and a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (left( text{amu} right)), which is about (1.67 times 10^{-27}) kilograms. Together with neutrons, they make up virtually all of the mass of an atom.

How is the sun related to protons? The sun's tremendous energy is the result of proton interactions. In the sun, as well as in other stars, protons from hydrogen atoms combine, or fuse, to form nuclei of helium atoms. This fusion reaction releases a huge amount of energy and takes place in nature only at the extremely high temperatures of stars, such as the sun.

Identical Protons, Different Elements

All protons are identical. For example, hydrogen protons are exactly the same as protons of helium and all other elements, or pure substances. However, atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons. In fact, atoms of any given element have a unique number of protons that is different from the numbers of protons of all other elements. For example, a hydrogen atom has just one proton, whereas a helium atom has two protons. The number of protons in an atom determines the electrical charge of the nucleus. The nucleus also contains neutrons, but they are neutral in charge. The one proton in a hydrogen nucleus, for example, gives it a charge of (+1), and the two protons in a helium nucleus give it a charge of (+2).

Atoms protons neutrons electrons worksheetAtom

What are Protons Made of?

Protons are made of fundamental particles called quarks and gluons. As you can see in the figure below, a proton contains three quarks (colored circles) and three streams of gluons (wavy black lines). Two of the quarks are called up quarks (u), and the third quark is called a down quark (d). The gluons carry the strong nuclear force between the quarks, binding them together. This force is needed to overcome the electric force of repulsion between positive protons. Although protons were discovered almost 100 years ago, the quarks and gluons inside them were discovered much more recently. Scientists are still learning more about these fundamental particles.

Summary

  • A proton is one of three main particles that make up the atom. It is found in the nucleus. It has an electrical charge of (+1) and a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (left( text{amu} right)).
  • Atoms of any given element have a unique number of protons that is different from the numbers of protons of all other elements.
  • Protons consist of fundamental particles called quarks and gluons. Gluons carry the strong nuclear force between quarks, binding them together.

Explore More

Do the activity at the URL below for a better appreciation of the size of a proton.

Contributors and Attributions

  • CK-12 Foundation by Sharon Bewick, Richard Parsons, Therese Forsythe, Shonna Robinson, and Jean Dupon.

Atom

The smallest partical of the element, which remain the properties of the element.

OR

Atom is a Greek word and its means is particle, so atom is smallest particle of the mater, which has properties of element. E.g. Iron, Al, cu, etc

Proton Atom Cartoon

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element. According to the classical Bohr model, atoms have a planetary type of structure that consists of a central nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. The nucleus consists of positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons. A Short description about these particles is given below.

Proton Atom Charge

FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES OF THE ATOM

  1. ELECTRON
  2. PROTON
  3. NEUTRON

ELECTRON

It also a fundamental particle of the atom. Electron is a particle which has negative charge. It is negative charge. The amount of the charge is -1.6x10-19 coulomb. Mass of electron is 9.11x10-31 kg or 0.00054859 a.m.u. Since atom has equal number of electrons and protons and they have equal and opposite charges hence they cancel their effect and atom becomes neutral. It is 1836 times lighter than proton. It is revolving around the nucleus.

PROTON

Proton is a particle which has positive charge.It is inside the nucleus. The amount of charge is 1.6x10-19 coulomb. The mass of proton is 1.67x10-27 kg or 1.0072766 a.m.u. It is 1836 times heavier than electron. The number of protons and electrons are equal in an atom.

NEUTRON

Neutron is a neutral particle thus it has not any charge. Hence the name Neutron is derived form the word neutral. It is heavier than electron. It mass is nearly equal to the mass of proton that is equal to 1.6x10-27kg or 1.0086654 a.m.u. It is 1842 times heavier than electron.both the proton and neutron make the atomic mass of the atom. It resits in site the nucleus.

Proton Atom

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

We know that electron is revolving around the nucleus in different position. These positions are called energy levels or shell electrons are distributed among the shell according to 2(N)2 formula.

The number of electron in K shell 2N2 = 2(1)2 = 2

The number of electron in L shell 2N2 = 2(2)2 = 8

Proton Atom Location

The number of electron in M shell 2N2 = 2(3)2 = 18 Etc, etc

The number of electron in the outer most shell is not distributed 2(N) 2 formula. The outer most shell is called valance shell and the electron in it are called valence electron.

Proton Atom Picture

FOR EXAMPLE (CU)

What Are Protons Used For

ATOMIC NUMBER = 29

Proton Atomic Symbol

The number of electron in K Shell = 2(1) = 2
The number of electron in L shell = 2(2)2 = 8
The number of electron in M shell = 2(3)2 = 18
The number of electron in N shell = 1